13.a. Interlinear transcription: examples with morpheme-by-morpheme glosses should be set according to international standards.
Translation either follows directly below the citation and the interlinear transcription if the example does not exceed one line (see below). If the example is longer, the translation follow under the whole citation with a space of one line. The translation should be in single quotation marks.
Languages of the World/Materials
(LW/M
):
A new forum for short descriptive
grammars.
Studies on all languages and dialects are welcome.
- Special focus is laid on 'endangered' languages
and languages where survey is urgently needed.
- Each issue contains a chapter on Phonology, Morphology,
Syntax and a sample text with interlinear translation.
- The number of pages is limited to 60 / 120 pp.
- Languages of publication: English, French, Spanish.
- International Scientific Advisory Board. Special
Editors: Dieter W. Halwachs (Romani languages), Mahendra K. Verma
(languages of India).
- In addition to the grammar series LW/M,
the dictionary series LW/D and the text-collection series
LW/T have been added.
Contributions from both established figures in the
field as well as newer scholars are welcome.
Contents:
Abbreviations and symbols
0. Introductory remarks
Geo- and sociolinguistic data. Previous studies.
1. Phonology
1.1. Vowels
1.2. Consonats
1.3. Diphthongs, ..
1.4. Suprasegmentals, tones, prosodic phenomena,
autosegmentals, accent, intonation
(table form)
2. Morphology
2.1. Nominal morphology
2.1.1. Noun (with a list of nominal grammatical categories)
2.1.1.1. Number
2.1.1.2. Gender/Class
2.1.1.3. Definiteness/Referentiality
2.1.1.4. Case
2.1.1.5. Possession
2.1.2. Pronouns
2.1.2.1. Personal pronouns
2.1.2.2. Demonstratives
2.1.2.3. Reflexives
2.1.2.4. Interrogative pronouns
2.1.2.5. Indefinite pronouns
2.1.2.6. Quantitative pronouns (all, every, ...)
2.1.3. Numerals
2.1.4. Adjectives (comparison of in/equality, ...)
(2.1.4.1. Adverbs, spatial, temporal, causal, degree
adverbs, ...)
2.1.5. Nominal categorizers (nominalizers, augmentatives/diminuitives)
2.2. Verbal morphology (with a list of verbal grammatical
categories)
2.2.1. Verb
2.2.1.1. Personal affixes (in case of multidimensional
paradigms -> illustrative sample paradigm)
2.2.1.2. TAM-system (basic tense-aspect-mood categories:
imperfective, perfect, resultative, future, imperative, prohibitive,
optative, conditional, potential (or non-fact), ...)
2.2.1.3. Negation
2.2.2. Verbal categorizers (de/transitivizers, verbalizers,
anti/causativizers, voice... )
2.2.3. Verbal modifyers (participals, converbs, masdars,
gerunds, ..)
3. Syntax
3.1. Sentence types (copular, verbal clauses)
3.2. Simple sentence (word order: position of the
main constituents inside the clause, position inside the main
constituents, ...; grammatical relations, subject- or topic-prominent
language)
3.3. Complex sentences
3.3.1. Coordination (conjuction, disjunction, juxtaposition,
coordinators)
3.3.2. Subordination (relative, adverbial (temporal,
causal, final, purpose, conditional, concessive, ..), complement
clauses, ...)
3.4. Discourse phenomena (Coreference, ... controller
and target of omission in adverbial, complement, relative ...
clauses)
(3.4.1. Particles, discourse particles, negative
particles, interjections, ...)
4. Sample texts with interlinear
translation and free translation
Bibliography
Languages of the World /Text Collections (LW/T)
A: Analysis
1) The texts are transcribed by a footnote analysis
and a free translation. Morphemic analyses are transferred to
the footnote analysis. The text is analysed sentence by sentence.
2) An introductory chapter explains the main typological
features of the language, followed by a chapter with some examples
and paradigms which can be referred to in the footnote analysis.
3) An index of the most frequent items is added which
are not explained in the footnote analysis (with the exeption
of the first texts).
4) The texts are presented in two parts, the first
with a most explicit analysis, and the second with a reduced analysis
and back-references of items to part 1. Evtly. a third part with
a minimal analysis follows.
5) The footnote analysis is on the same page as the
text and its free translation. The morpheme analysis is transferred
to the footnote analysis, which also allows statements on etymological
developments of lexemes or morphemes, and also statements on formal
as well on functional issues. (see ex. pakupaku in 3. which
on the formal levels exhibits REDuplication and on the
functional level HABitualis).
6) Critical morphemic analysis should be stated in
the footnote analysis.
7) Each issue contains an endnote section. More complex
explanations should be transferred to the endnotes.
8) Each issue contains a section with a collection
of frequently used morphemes and words which are not analyzed
in teh footnote analysis.
B: Texts
1) Mainly text collections on languages where survey
is urgently needed are published in the LW/T series, functioning
as a data storage for future analyses, but also for illustration
of the analyses given in the accompanying LW/M issues. Text collections
on other languages and on dialects are accepted as well.
2) Various text sorts (if available) should be presented,
also
3) texts with ethnohistorical relevance and
4) texts from various speakers (if available).
5) The single issues of the LW/T series should also
be appropriate for language courses and seminars.
6) The origin of the data should be noted.
7) In case of multilingualism, some texts of all
other languages spoken should be presented.
8) Special texts could be chosen for the demonstration
of language specific phenomena, such as temporal or spatial relations,
honorific systems etc. (also "artificial" texts produced
by parametric variation, narratives produced after videos or drawings,
etc).
C: Style Sheet
See the Style Sheet of the LW/M series (the number
of pages is limited to 50 - 100).
Footnote analysis
Teop, Austronesian, Bougainville, Papua New Guinea
Speaker: Purupuru
Interviewer: Ruth Saovana Spriggs, compiler: Ulrike
Mosel, University of Kiel
Date: July 1994
| 1. Enaa kahi suusue nom a tootoo tenaa
vaa tea vaasusu, tea vaasikuuru,
enaa he tavus tisia.
| I am going to talk about my life
as a teacher, about teaching,
when I became a teacher.
|
2. Enaa a peha aba a gogoe skul rakaha roho.
|
I am a person who very much disliked school in the past.
|
| 3. Enaa he teitei vaan,
a skul na pakupaku ori.
| When I lived in the village,
they conducted school.
|
| 4. E Donald Ali bara e Aaron Kotosomaa,
pakupaku bona skul
mea maa vahara beiko paa naonao tea skul,
enaa he ahiki.
| Donald Ali and Aron Kotosomaa
conducted the school
and the children went to school,
but I didnít.
|
(Footnote 1)
| enaa | pron., 1.sg.indep.subj.pron
|
| kahi ... nom | tam., immediate future, nom imperfective aspect
|
| suusue | v.t. talk about, sue say, cf. (32)
|
| a | art.sg., common gender
|
| tootoo | n.a., life |
| tenaa | poss.pron., te-naa, prep-1.sg., my (alienable)
|
| te | prep., multifunctional
|
| vaa | as, seems to be related to the pref., vaa-caus
|
| tea | te-a, prep-art
|
| vaasusu | n.a., teacher, caus-susu ?
|
| vaasikuuru | v. teach, vaa-sikuuru caus-school < T.P. skul school
|
| he | conj., expressing that a state of affairs is simulatenous with another state of affairs, often carrying the connotation of contrast
|
| tavus | v., become, appear
|
| tisia | n., teacher, < Engl.
|
(Footnote 2)
| teitei | v.i., hab., live, < tei stay
|
| vaan | n.a., village; here used without an artcle in the function of a locative complement
|
| na | tam., realis, na V refers to the past, na V impf. to the actual present
|
| pakupaku | v.t., hab., do < paku do
|
| ori | pron., 3.pl. subj. enclitic pron., a skul na pakupaku ori, word order: O V S
|
(Footnote 3)
| teitei | v.i., hab., live, < tei stay
|
| vaan | n.a., village; here used without an artcle in the function of a locative complement
|
| na | tam., realis, na V refers to the past, na V impf. to the actual present
|
| pakupaku | v.t., hab., do < paku do
|
| ori | pron., 3.pl. subj. enclitic pron., a skul na pakupaku ori, word order: O V S
|
(Footnote 4)
| e | art.sg., personal gender
|
| bara | conj., and, used only for the coordination of phrases
|
| bona | obj.art.sg., common gender
|
| mea | me-a conj-art, me and
|
| maa | pl.mkr. |
| vahara | coll.n., group
|
| beko | n.a., child; a maa vahara beiko groups of children (??)
|
| paa | tam., past |
| naonao | v., hab., go < nao go
|
| ahiki | v.neg., be not, do not
|